Curriculum And Syllabus For Classes XI & XII

 

Biology

CLASS XI

 

One paper

 3 Hours

70 Marks

THEORY PAPER

Units Unitwise Weightage Marks
1.  The Living World 5
2.  Unity of Life 25
3.  Organisms and Environment 25

Units

1.

 The Living World

 

10 Periods
 

Biology : Its Branches, relationship with other sciences and scope; positive and negative aspects of progress in biological sciences. Life : present approach to understand life processes; molecular approach; life as an expression of energy; steady state and homeostasis ; self duplication ; adaptation ; death as a positive part of life. Origin of life – physical and chemical principles that maintain life processes. Diversity of life : difference between living and non- living, plants and animals : the living organisms and their interdependence.

2.

 Unity of Life

75 Periods

 

Cell as an unit of life. Small biomolecules : water ,minerals, mono and oligosaccharides, lipids, amino, acids, nucleotides –their chemistry (structure), cellular location and function. Macromolecules – polysaccharides, protein and nucleic acids – their chemistry (structure), cellular location and function. Enzymes :definition, nature , classification and mechanism of action -enzyme complex, kinetics (simple accounts) allostoric modulation (brief), irreversible activation. Bio-membrances : concept of unit membrane, structure (fluid mosaic model) and function .Structure of the cell : light and electron microscopic view of cell, its organelles and their function- nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, ribosomes, microtubules, cilia and flagella, vacuoles. Cell inclusions. A general account of cellular respiration, fermentation, biological oxidation, glycolysis, outline of TCA cycle, mitochondrial electron transport chain, high energy bonds and oxidative phosphorylation. Cell reproduction :amitosis, mitosis and meiosis – their significance.
 

 

3.

 Diversity of Life

75 Periods

  Introduction The enormous verity of living things, the need for classification to cope with this variety. Taxonomy and phylogeny ; shortcomings of two kingdom classification as plants and animals. A five kingdom classifications :

(i) Monera, (ii) Protista (iii) Plantae, (iv) Fungi and (v) Animalia. The basic features of 5-kingdom classification. Concept of species, taxon and categories –hierarchial levels of classification; binomial nomenclature; principles of classification and nomenclature. Kingdom monera: archae bacteria – life in an extreme environment ;general account of bacteria, actinomycetes and cynobacteria – examples to illustrate autotrophic and heterot rophic life style, Economic importance of moneramineralizers, nitrogen fixers, cycling of matters , symbiotic forms, disease producers. Kingdom protista : Eucaryotic unicellular organisms. Various life style shown in the major phyla; sexual and asexual reproduction in protista (brief out line only); flagella and cilia as locomotory organs of protista; examples of common protista : diatoms, dinofiagellatcs, slime moulds, protozoans; symbiotic forms. Kingdom Plantae: complex autotrophs , red" brown and green algae; conquest of land by bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Vascularization. Appearance of flower, fruit and seed. Kingdom Fungi : general account (in brief) of Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes and Basidomycetes. Economic importance of fungi ; decomposers and parasitic forms ;lichens and mycorrhizae. Kingdom Animalia, animal body pattern and symmetry ; salient features with reference to habitat and examples of phyla-porifera, coelenterata, helminthes, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, echinodermata ; chordata (classes-pisces, amphibia, reptilia, aves and mammalia) high lighting major characters. Study of Earthworm : morphology, digestive and nervous systems.

 

 

4.

 Organism and Environment

40 Periods
  Population : interaction between environment and population, biotic community. Ecosystem : interaction between biotic and abiotic factors ; major ecosystems of the world ; man-made ecosystem-agro ecosystem. Biosphere ; flow of energy, trapping of solar energy, energy pathways, food chain, food web. Biogeochemical cycles-calcium and sulphur. Ecological imbalance and its consequences. Conservation of natural resources, renewable and non-renewable (in brief). Environment and resource development : water and land management. wasteland development, wild life and forest conservation ; causes for the extinction of some wild life, steps taken to conserve the remaining species. Concept of endangered species :Indian example with special reference to Manipur ; conservation of forest ; Indian forests, importance- of forest, hazards of deforestation, affore station. Environmental pollution: air pollution. sources of major pollutants of big cities of our country, their effects and methods of control. Pollution due to radioactive substances, disposal of nuclear waste effect and control. Noise, pollution : sources and effects.

PRACTICAL

One Paper

 3 Hours

30 Marks
Experiments Marks
1. Core Experiments 20
2. Viva-Voce 5
3. Class Record 5

Core Experiments

1. Study of the parts of compound microscope.

2. Preparation and study of temporary stained slides of Paramoecium, head louse, mosquito  larvae, Daphnia and cyclop.

3. Preparation and study of temporary stained slides of algae, fungi ,musci.

4. Identification with reasons of Oscillatoria, Spirogyra, Mucor, Mushroom, Yeast, Liver wort, Moss, Fern, Pinus, one monocotyledon and one dicotyledon, lichen, root nodules of legumes, Cuscutta, Hydrilla, Utricularia, Cactus, Euphorbia.

5. Identification with reasons of Round worm, Tapeworm, Leech, Stick insect, Octopus, Star fish, Shark, Anabas,
Salamander, Cobra, Pigeon, Bat.

6. Study of the biotic and abiotic components of a pond ecosystem.

7. Dissect and display of digestive and nervous system of Earthworm.

8. Study of flower colours in the garden.

9. Study of opening and closing of stomata.

10. Study of pollen structure of two different plants (giving labelled diagram).

11. Study of osmosis and plasmolysis.

Textbooks Recommended

1. Modern ABC of Biology for class XI by Arora and Gandhi.

2. Biology for class XI by Maheshwari and Sharma publisbed by Arya Publishing House, New Delhi.

3. A Textbook of Biology for class XI by Verma and Pandey.

4. Senior School Biology for class XI, published by Frank Brothers.

5. Experimental Biology for class XI, published by Frank Brothers.

6. Laboratory Manual in Biology, Part 1 by S.C. Maheshwari.

Class XII

One Paper

 3 Hours

70 Marks

THEORY PAPER

Units Unitwise Weightage  Marks
1  Multicellularity : Structure and Function-Plant Life 20
2.  Multicellularity . Structure and Function-Animal Life 20
3.  Continuity of Life 10
4.  Origin and Evolution of Life 10
5.  Application of Biology 10

Units

1.

 Multicellularitv : Structure and Function - Plant Life

40 Periods

Form and Function : morphology and functions of root, stem, leaf, and their modifications. Tissue system in flowering plants : meristematic and permanent; secondary growth. Water relations : water relation of plant cells, water potential, absorption and transport of water in plants, root pressure, ascent of sap, transpiration and stomatal mechanism. Plant nutrition : (i) Mineral nutrition-essential elements, major functions of different elements, passive and active uptake of minerals, deficiency symptoms, (ii) Photosynthesis photochemical and biosynthetic phases, diversity in photosynthetic pathways, photosynthetic electron transport and photophosphorylation, photorespiration, (iii) Special modes of nutrition in plants, Reproduction and development in angiosperms; asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Structure and function of flower, inflorescence; development of male and female gametopbytes; pollination, fertilization, development of endosperm, embryo, seed and fruit Seed dispersal. Plant growth : hormones and growth regulation, role of plant hormones in relation to seed dormancy, germination, apical dominance, senescence and abscission. Agricultural uses of synthetic growth regulators. Brief account of phytochrome as photomorphogenetic pigment. Plant movements (a brief account).

2.

Multicellularity :Structure and Function-Animal Life

 60 Periods

Animal tissues : epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues.

Animal autrition : digestive System of toad or frog and man, digestive Processes, absorption of products of digestion and egestion in humans.

Gas exchange and transport : pulmonary gas exchange and organs involved, transport of gases in blood in human, gas exchange in aqueous medium as in fish. Circulation : closed and open vascular systems. structure and pumping action of the heart, circulatory processes in toad or frog and man. Heart rate and pulse, blood pressure, lymph.

Excretion and Osmoregulation : ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism ; excretory organs in humans, composition and formation of urine, role of kidney in osmoregulation, role of ADH, role of skin and lungs in excretion

Nervous co-ordination and receptors :Components of human nervous system – central, autonomic and Peripheral nervous system of man, structure and function of brain and spinal cord ; transmission of nerve impulse, reflex action ; basic Physiology of sense organs. Hormonal co-ordination : endocrine organs in humans, hormones and their functions, diseases caused by hormonal imbalance, role of hormones as messengers and regulators.

Animal reproduction and development : asexual and sexual reproduction reproductive organs of human male and female, reproductive cycle in human female. Embryonic development in man (up to three germ layers), fate of the germ layers (in brief),

Locomotion : basic aspects of human skeleton, joints, muscles in movements, types of skeletal muscles according to types of movement, mechanism of muscle contraction.

3.

Continuity of Life

40 Periods

Heridity and variation : Mendel's experiments and idea of factors, Mendel's laws of inheritance, chromosomal basis of inheritance (in brief), some basic terms used in inheritance studies. Other patterns of inheritance : incomplete dominance, multiple genes, linkage and crossing over, sex linked inheritance. Variation : recombination, mutation, phenotypic expression in haploid organisms. DNA as genetic material : evidence from bacterial transformation and viral infection.
Structure and replication of DNA. Protein synthesis: genetic code, central dogma, transcription, translation, effect of mutations on protein synthesis. Gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Genetic engineering.

4.

 Origin and Evolution of Life

12 Periods

Origin of life : oparin-Haldane,s theory, Miller Urey experiments.

 Organic Evolution :Interrelationships among living organisms ; evidence for evolution-fossil evidence and geological time scale; morphological evidence-homologous, analogous and vestigeal organs; embryological  evidence-similarities among embryos of different vertebrate classes ; evidence from biogeography. Darwin's major contributions : common ancestry, Natural selection as mechanism of evolution. Elementary forces of evolution. Variation and Natural selection, variation : mutation and recombination as sources of variability, role of selection, genetic basis of adaptation : Lederbergs replica plating experiments. Speciation and Isolation : geographical and reproductive.

5.

Application of Biology

20 Periods

Biofertilisers-green manures, nitrogen fixation- symbiotic and non-symbiotic. Communicable diseases including STD and diseases spread through blood transfusion such as AIDS and hepatitis. Immune response: vaccines and antisera, allergies and inflammations. Inherited diseases and disfunctions, sex-linked diseases, genetic incompatibility and genetic counselling. Cancer : major types, causes, diagnosis and treatment, tissues and organ transplantation. Human population growth : problems and control, inequality of sexes, test tube babies, amniocentesis.

PRACTICAL

One paper

3 Hours

30 Marks
Experiments  Marks
1. Core Experiments 20
5. Record of one Investigatory Project and
Viva Based on the Project		 (3+2) = 5
3. Class Records and Viva-Voce (3+2) = 5

Core Experiments

1. Observation and making labelled diagrams of the microscopic structures of the following mammalian tissues ; cartilage, bone, muscle (cardiac, striated, non-striated), epithelial.

2. Preparatian of temporary stained (Methvlene / Toludine blue) slides of (a) muscle fibres of thigh muscle / pectoral muscle of frog, muscles from cockroach; (b) nerve fibre from spinal cord of frog, nerve cells from spinal cord of a mammal.

3. Study of human and frog blood from prepared slides.

6. Dissection of rat and study of (a) the general viscera and digestive system (b) male and female reproductive systems (c) arterial and venous system.

5. Study of the action of salivary amylase on starch with special reference to denaturing agents (heat, pH and alcohol).

6. Testing of urine for urea, sugar, albumen and bile salts.

7. Making of transverse section of sunflower stem / canna stern/ maize steml / gram root/crinum root and study of different tissues under microscope.

8. Study of parts of flower with reference to china rose / mustard/pea.

9. Preparation of acetocarmine stained smear of onion/garlic/ legume root tip and anthers (Tradescantia / Rheo/Allium) for study of mitosis and meiosis respectively.

10. Study of variation in leaf size/pod length/seed size or number, statistical analysis and presentation of data in graphical form.

11. Study of root nodules in a leguminous plant.

12. Study of plant diseases of the area : late blight of potato/ white rust of crucifers/blast of rice.

13. Yeast fermentation and production of alcohol.

14. Study of the effect of light and gravity on plant movement and the role played by them.

Sample List of Investigation Projects

Note : Any one from the following :' (Teachers have the freedom to add more projects in the list).

1, Study of Mendelian Traits in Pea.

2. Population survey to Identify human Phenotypic characters: rolling of tongue. fused earlobes, colour blindness etc.

3. Identification of the stages of maturation of the ova in every breeding season of frog/toad.

4. Study of the metamorphosis of toad/frog's tadpole through specimen.

5. Study of developmental stages of housefly/cockroach/silk-moth/lac insect.

6. Development of drug resistance in Bacteria using antibiotics.

7. Study of coaguable and non-coaguable milk proteins.

8. Study of the effect of osmotic stress by administration of hypertonic saline in frog.

9. Locomotion in fishes, importance of different fins in balancing and steering the body.

10. Effects of alcohol, tea, coffee, and nicotine on the heart beat of frog.

11. Effect of fertilizers on the rate of germination, elongation of hypocotyle and the length of root.

Books Recommended

1. Modern AEC of Biology for XII -  Arora and Gandhi
2.Biology for XII - Meheshwari Arya Publishing House, New Delhi.
3. A Textbook of Biology for XII - Verma and Pandey
4, Senior School Biology for Class XII  - Frank Brothers
5. Experimental Biology for XII -  Frank Brothers.
6. Laboratory Manual in Biology,Part 11  -  S.C. Maheshwari
7. Biology Practical -Class XII, -  0. Binodkumar Singh